Friday, August 21, 2020

Near Field Communication free essay sample

NFC is a short structure for Near Field Communication, an innovation that permits comparable or NFC empowered gadgets to speak with one another either by contacting or bringing them into closer nearness †all remotely and is generally done inside not in excess of a couple of centimeters †¢The correspondence can likewise be built up between a NFC gadget with an unpowered NFC chip, which is called as tag. For instance a film banner outside a theater. So for this situation your Smartphone would be the initiator and that film banner would be the latent target. Once, you contact the Smartphone to this tag, the data identified with the film, for example, trailer, cast team information, timings will be gotten to your NFC gadget. †¢Near Field Communication is a short-go high recurrence remote innovation, which empowers the trading of information between gadgets over around a 10-centimeter separation. The plan incorporates a close field transmitter and collector to send information starting with one PC then onto the next †¢NFC (Near Field Communication) is another innovation that’s being added to cell phones that permits a NFC sensor chip to be perceived by essentially tapping it with a NFC-empowered telephone or holding the telephone in nearness to it, to naturally cause an installment, to download a coupon, or open a site, video, or other computerized content. We will compose a custom exposition test on Close to Field Communication or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In spite of the fact that not yet in boundless use in light of the set number of cell phones planned with NFC sensors and the relative multifaceted nature and cost of creating materials with installed chips, NFC is a developing innovation stage that can be utilized to address an assortment of situations. †¢Near Field Communication is an a short-extend remote innovation that permits data to be traded between two NFC-empowered gadgets over short separations. Handsets with worked in NFC will significantly disentangle the manner in which shopper gadgets collaborate with each other. Close to Field Communication (NFC), as a developing and promising innovation, is a mix of Radio Frequency Identification(RFID)technologywithmobiledevices. NFC-empowered cell phones can go about as contactless savvy cards and are additionally proficient to peruse and compose information from/to those cards. Research attempts concerning NFC seem to concentrate fundamentally on advancement of NFC empowered administrations and applications. Then again, benefits and hidden qualities related with various NFC applications’ administration isn't yet all around explained. NFC is a short-go, low-power interchanges convention between two gadgets. One gadget, the initiator, utilizes attractive enlistment to make a radio-wave field that the objective can identify and get to, permitting modest quantities of information to be moved remotely over a moderately short separation (in NFCs case, the separation must be under 4 inches). In the event that that sounds a ton like RFID, the tech utilized by, for instance, remote cost assortment gadgets like EZ-Pass and FasTrak, its presumably on the grounds that NFC is essentially a developed type of RFID. The thing that matters is that RFID is a single direction road: Your EZ-Pass transmitter bars your $4. 25 cost to the fee collection counters collector, and that is the degree of the exchange. In any case, critically, NFC is two-way, permitting your NFC-empowered contraption to both send and get data. Favorable circumstances of NFC Technology †¢Inherent security †¢Ease of utilization (Very recognizable to individuals, just touch) †¢Mobile telephones can be utilized both as a data stockpiling gadgets or a NFC peruser †¢They can peruse data from NFC labels †¢They can be utilized as a computerized stockpiling e. g. putting away charge card data.

Monday, July 13, 2020

Using Your Best Voice Do Not Write How You Speak

Using Your Best Voice Do Not Write How You Speak Using Your Best Voice: Do Not Write How You Speak Using Your Best Voice: Do Not Write How You Speak Have you ever noticed how you speak in everyday conversation? Next time you are talking with someone, pay attention to how many ‘likes’, ‘ums’, and ‘rights’ you unconsciously and habitually throw into the mix; everyone does it, and this type of informal language is accepted within our circle of friends and daily casual conversation and correspondence. One of the worst pieces of advice given when engaging with formal writing is to write how you talk. Any professional will tell you is that when you are writing an academic or professional document, it is never appropriate to write in colloquial language. Using this informal, conversational language is the first step to getting noticedâ€"for all the wrong reasons. Writing as if you are talking to your best friend or sending messages on social media does not establish your reputation as a formal and conscientious writer; your language and phrasing does not have to equal that of a presidential speech (unless that is what you are writing!) but you should attempt to reach and maintain a high level of formality and academic standard. There are countless style guides with tips and rules for specific documents you might be writing, from business proposals to cover letters or academic essays, and all require that your writing is consistent and mature. Paying attention to simple differences between informal and formal writing will make a noticeable improvement in your document. Always consider your style and audience as you write and prepare for the editing stage, keeping in mind just a few (of the many) following tips: ?The use of contractions â€" in formal writing, it is more appropriate to write out the complete word (cannot, do not, should not) instead of using the short form (can’t, don’t, shouldn’t). ?Avoid abbreviations â€" words like phone, admin, or TV should be written out in full as well (telephone, administration, television). Always spell out days of the week (Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday). This sounds like an obvious one, yet often we simply forget to do it properly when we are used to shortening the majority of our daily written conversation. ?Numbers â€" it is a general rule that any number below 10 should be written (three, four, five). When the number is greater than 10, it is fine to use numbers (1500, 70,000). ?Attempt a more complex writing style â€" formal writing prefers the use of longer sentences over shorter, choppy ones. A longer sentence allows you to be thorough when you are expressing your thoughts or if you want to explain something clearly. Beware of the run-on sentence, however. Use proper punctuation and end your thoughts at the right spot. Good writing does not happen naturallyâ€"it is important to pay attention, keep your style consistent, and choose the right words. Grasping these skills will help to avoid a lot of miscommunication in your work and will ease the editing process as well. If you need a little assistance, however, skilled writers can modify your language and tailor your document to a specific audience. When you really need to send a clear message and do not want to risk any miscommunication, just send your words to Homework Help Canada and our wordsmiths can formally shape a crystal-clear assignment, letter, or proposal. Whatever your colloquial voice wants to say, we can help make it a bit more formal. References: The Difference Between Formal and Informal Writing. Retrieved August 31, 2015, from Using Your Best Voice Do Not Write How You Speak Using Your Best Voice: Do Not Write How You Speak Using Your Best Voice: Do Not Write How You Speak Have you ever noticed how you speak in everyday conversation? Next time you are talking with someone, pay attention to how many ‘likes’, ‘ums’, and ‘rights’ you unconsciously and habitually throw into the mix; everyone does it, and this type of informal language is accepted within our circle of friends and daily casual conversation and correspondence. One of the worst pieces of advice given when engaging with formal writing is to write how you talk. Any professional will tell you is that when you are writing an academic or professional document, it is never appropriate to write in colloquial language. Using this informal, conversational language is the first step to getting noticedâ€"for all the wrong reasons. Writing as if you are talking to your best friend or sending messages on social media does not establish your reputation as a formal and conscientious writer; your language and phrasing does not have to equal that of a presidential speech (unless that is what you are writing!) but you should attempt to reach and maintain a high level of formality and academic standard. There are countless style guides with tips and rules for specific documents you might be writing, from business proposals to cover letters or academic essays, and all require that your writing is consistent and mature. Paying attention to simple differences between informal and formal writing will make a noticeable improvement in your document. Always consider your style and audience as you write and prepare for the editing stage, keeping in mind just a few (of the many) following tips: ?The use of contractions â€" in formal writing, it is more appropriate to write out the complete word (cannot, do not, should not) instead of using the short form (can’t, don’t, shouldn’t). ?Avoid abbreviations â€" words like phone, admin, or TV should be written out in full as well (telephone, administration, television). Always spell out days of the week (Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday). This sounds like an obvious one, yet often we simply forget to do it properly when we are used to shortening the majority of our daily written conversation. ?Numbers â€" it is a general rule that any number below 10 should be written (three, four, five). When the number is greater than 10, it is fine to use numbers (1500, 70,000). ?Attempt a more complex writing style â€" formal writing prefers the use of longer sentences over shorter, choppy ones. A longer sentence allows you to be thorough when you are expressing your thoughts or if you want to explain something clearly. Beware of the run-on sentence, however. Use proper punctuation and end your thoughts at the right spot. Good writing does not happen naturallyâ€"it is important to pay attention, keep your style consistent, and choose the right words. Grasping these skills will help to avoid a lot of miscommunication in your work and will ease the editing process as well. If you need a little assistance, however, skilled writers can modify your language and tailor your document to a specific audience. When you really need to send a clear message and do not want to risk any miscommunication, just send your words to Homework Help USA and our wordsmiths can formally shape a crystal-clear assignment, letter, or proposal. Whatever your colloquial voice wants to say, we can help make it a bit more formal. References: The Difference Between Formal and Informal Writing. Retrieved August 31, 2015, from

Wednesday, May 20, 2020

Heinrich Schliemann and the Discovery of Troy

According to widely published legend, the finder of the true site of Troy was Heinrich Schliemann, adventurer, speaker of 15 languages, world traveler, and gifted amateur archaeologist. In his memoirs and books, Schliemann claimed that when he was eight, his father took him on his knee and told him the story of the Iliad, the forbidden love between Helen, wife of the King of Sparta, and Paris, son of Priam of Troy, and how their elopement resulted in a war that destroyed a Late Bronze Age civilization. Did Heinrich Schliemann Really Find Troy? Schliemann did, in fact, excavate at a site that turned out to be the historic Troy; but he got his information about the site from an expert, Frank Calvert, and failed to credit him.  Schliemanns voluminous notes are full of grandiose lies and manipulations about everything that occurred in his life, in part to make his public think he was a truly remarkable man.  With a keen facility in numerous languages and a wide-ranging memory and hunger and respect for scholarly knowledge, Schliemann, in fact, was a truly remarkable man! But for some reason, he needed to inflate his role and importance in the world.   That story, said Schliemann, awoke in him a hunger to search for the archaeological proof of the existence of Troy and Tiryns and Mycenae. In fact, he was so hungry that he went into business to make his fortune so he could afford the search. And after much consideration and study and investigation, on his own, he found the original site of Troy, at Hisarlik, a tell in Turkey. Romantic Baloney The reality, according to David Traills 1995 biography, Schliemann of Troy: Treasure and Deceit, and bolstered by Susan Heuck Allens 1999 work Finding the Walls of Troy: Frank Calvert and Heinrich Schliemann, is that most of this is romantic baloney, manufactured by Schliemann for the sake of his own image, ego, and public persona.  Ã‚   Schliemann was a brilliant, gregarious, enormously talented, and extremely restless con man, who nevertheless changed the course of archaeology. His focused interest in the sites and events of the Iliad created widespread belief in their physical reality—and in so doing, made many people search for the real pieces of the worlds ancient writings. It could be argued that he was among the earliest and most successful of public archaeologists During Schliemanns peripatetic travels around the world (he visited the Netherlands, Russia, England, France, Mexico, America, Greece, Egypt, Italy, India, Singapore, Hong Kong, China, Japan, all before he was 45), he took trips to ancient monuments, stopped at universities to take classes and attend lectures in comparative literature and language, wrote thousands of pages of diaries and travelogues, and made friends and enemies all over the world. How he afforded such traveling may be attributed to either his business acumen or his penchant for fraud; probably a bit of both. Schliemann and Archaeology The fact is, Schliemann did not take up archaeology or serious investigations for Troy until 1868, at the age of 46. There is no doubt that before that Schliemann had been interested in archaeology, particularly the history of the Trojan War, but it had always been subsidiary to his interest in languages and literature. But in June of 1868, Schliemann spent three days at the excavations at Pompeii directed by the archaeologist Giuseppe Fiorelli. The next month, he visited Mount Aetos, considered then the site of the palace of Odysseus, and there Schliemann dug his first excavation pit. In that pit, or perhaps purchased locally, Schliemann obtained either 5 or 20 small vases containing cremated remains. The fuzziness is a deliberate obfuscation on Schliemanns part, not the first nor the last time that Schliemann would fudge the details in his diaries, or their published form. Three Candidates for Troy At the time that Schliemanns interest was stirred by archaeology and Homer, there were three candidates for the location of Homers Troy. The popular choice of the day was Bunarbashi (also spelled Pinarbasi) and the accompanying acropolis of Balli-Dagh; Hisarlik was favored by the ancient writers and a small minority of scholars; and Alexandria Troas, since determined to be too recent to be Homeric Troy, was a distant third. Schliemann excavated at Bunarbashi during the summer of 1868 and visited other sites in Turkey including Hisarlik, apparently unaware of the standing of Hisarlik until at the end of the summer he dropped in on the archaeologist Frank Calvert. Calvert, a member of the British diplomatic corps in Turkey and part-time archaeologist, was among the decided minority among scholars; he believed that Hisarlik was the site of Homeric Troy, but had had difficulty convincing the British Museum to support his excavations. Calvert and Schliemann In 1865, Calvert had excavated trenches into Hisarlik and found enough evidence to convince himself that he had found the correct site. In August of 1868, Calvert invited Schliemann to dinner and to see his collection, and at that dinner, he recognized that Schliemann had the money and chutzpah to get the additional funding and permits to dig at Hisarlik that Calvert could not. Calvert spilled his guts to Schliemann about what he had found, beginning a partnership he would soon learn to regret. Schliemann returned to Paris in the fall of 1868 and spent six months becoming an expert on Troy and Mycenae, writing a book of his recent travels, and writing numerous letters to Calvert, asking him where he thought the best place to dig might be, and what sort of equipment he might need to excavate at Hisarlik. In 1870 Schliemann began excavations at Hisarlik, under the permit Frank Calvert had obtained for him, and with members of Calverts crew. But never, in any of Schliemanns writings, did he ever admit that Calvert did anything more than agree with Schliemanns theories of the location of Homers Troy, born that day when his father sat him on his knee. Uncovering Schliemann Schliemanns version of events—that he alone had identified Troys locaiton—stood intact for decades after his death in 1890. Ironically, the celebration of Schliemanns 150th birthday in 1972 touched off a critical examination of his life and discoveries. There had been other murmurs of irregularities in his voluminous diaries—novelist Emil Ludwigs meticulously researched Schliemann: The Story of a Gold Seeker in 1948, for example—but they had been scorned by Schliemanns family and the scholarly community. But when at the 1972 meetings American classicist William M. Calder III announced that he had found discrepancies in his autobiography, others began to dig a little deeper. Just how many self-aggrandizing lies and manipulations are in the Schliemann diaries has been the focus of much discussion throughout the turn of the 21st century, between Schliemann detractors and (somewhat grudging) champions. One defender is Stefanie A.H. Kennell, who from 2000–2003 was an archivist fellow for the Schliemann papers at the Gennadius Library of the American School of Classical Studies. Kennell argues that Schliemann was not simply a liar and a con man, but rather an extraordinarily talented yet flawed man. Classicist Donald F. Easton, also a supporter, described his writings as a characteristic blend of one-third dissimulation, one-third arrogant rhetoric, and one-third obsequiousness, and Schliemann as a flawed human being, sometimes confused, sometimes mistaken, dishonest... who, despite his faults... [left] a lasting legacy of information and enthusiasm.   One thing is crystal clear about the debate over Schliemanns qualities: now the efforts and scholarship of Frank Calvert, who did, in fact, know that Hisalik was Troy, who conducted scholarly investigations there five years before Schliemann, and who, perhaps foolishly, turned over his excavations to Schliemann, does today due credit for the first serious discovery of Troy.   Sources Allen, Susan Heuck. Finding the Walls of Troy: Frank Calvert, Excavator. American Journal of Archaeology 99.3 (1995): 379–407. Print.---. Finding the Walls of Troy: Frank Calvert and Heinrich Schliemann at Hisarlik. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. Print.---. A Personal Sacrifice in the Interest of Science: Calvert, Schliemann, and the Troy Treasures. The Classical World 91.5 (1998): 345–54. Print.Bloedow, Edmund F. Heinrich Schliemann in Italy in 1868: Tourist or Archaeologist? Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica 69.3 (2001): 115–29. Print.Calder III, William M. Heinrich Schliemann: An Unpublished Latin Vita. The Classical World 67.5 (1974): 272–82. Print.Easton, D. F. Heinrich Schliemann: Hero or Fraud? The Classical World 91.5 (1998): 335–43. Print.Kennell, Stefanie A. H. Schliemann and His Papers: A Tale from the Gennadeion Archives.  Hesperia 76.4 (2007): 785–817. Print.Maurer, Kathrin. Archeology as Spectacle: Heinric h Schliemanns Media of Excavation. German Studies Review 32.2 (2009): 303–17. Print.Schindler, Wolfgang. An Archaeologist on the Schliemann Controversy. Illinois Classical Studies 17.1 (1992): 135–51. Print.Traill, David A. Schliemann of Troy: Treasure and Deceit. New York: St. Martins Press, 1995. Print.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

My Writing Skills Has Effectively Improved - 1078 Words

I remember when I first came to the Wilkes University, one of my edifier (?) (Friend, teacher, mother) told me Don’t judge your class in the beginning, judge your class at the end of course†. In the beginning of my classes I was very nervous about how to write an essay. However, I believe my writing skills has effectively improved. To be honest, English 101 wasn’t an easy class for me in the beginning. College writing is entirely different from high school writing. I always have trouble with grammar when I write English essays, and it’s harder for me to learn and improve my skills in a short amount of time. I’m a young woman who transferred from China to America and I’m not that familiar with how to utilize English compared to a young woman who’s who is from the United States of America. That has never stopped me from trying and I will never give up. I like challenges and difficult tasks, it tests my will and helps to achieve the goal I have set for myself. During this sixteenth week, my writing skill improved dramatically compared to the beginning of the semester. That may not be noticeable to others, but to me the improvement in my writing skill is very evident. This course has helped me to understand the difference between college and high school writing. When I was a high school student, I was very confident about my writing skills. However, since I’ve been attending Wilkes University, things have changed dramatically. The number of skills I need to understand inShow MoreRelatedMy Writing Skills Improved Over The Last Semester950 Words   |  4 Pages My Writing Skills have improved Over the Last Semester While attending writing class, I learned about the 4 steps in writing, bases for revising, organizing, and connecting specific information, and I also learned about the different types of essays such as descriptive, narrative, process, cause and effect and argumentative essay. I have been a student at Milwaukee Area Technical College for 1 semester, and over the course of my enrollment I have grown and learned more that I knew prior to attendingRead MoreEssay about Self-Reflection: Writing Composition1410 Words   |  6 PagesI have always enjoyed writing, and I believed writing was a subject I was naturally good at. I turned in papers that were still rough drafts, I did not evaluate my sources, nor did I ever take the time to fully understand the prompt. It was not until my first semester of college, in my writing composition course, I realized that I had a lot of work ahead of me to be as good a writer as I thought I was. In the writing course, the students were required to compos e several essays using different methodsRead MoreWhere Is Your Writing?1128 Words   |  5 Pagesis Your Writing? A learner’s ability to communicate effectively through writing to his/her target audiences is a major prerequisite for academic success. It is also a major pillar of success in one’s career across all areas of practice. Even though, writing clearly is critical to one’s academic and career success, I have not always loved writing. In fact, for a long time I despised writing. At one point, I had a feeling that my writings skills were bound to remain stagnated throughout my life. HoweverRead MoreWhere Is Your Writing?1118 Words   |  5 Pagesis Your Writing? A learner’s ability to communicate effectively through writing to his/her target audiences is a major prerequisite for academic success. It is also a major pillar of success in one’s career across all areas of practice. Even though, writing clearly is critical to one’s academic and career success, I have not always loved writing. In fact, for a long time I despised writing. At one point, I had a feeling that my writings skills were bound to remain stagnated throughout my life. HoweverRead MoreMy Writing For Academic Success1114 Words   |  5 Pagescommunicate effectively through writing to his/her target audiences is a major prerequisite for academic success. It is also a major pillar of success in one’s career across all areas of practice. Even though, writing clearly is critical to one’s academic and career success, I have not always loved writing. In fact, for a long time I despised writing. At one point, I had a feeling that my writings skills were bound to remain stagnated throughout my life. However, time has proven that I was wrong. My attitudeRead MoreReflection On Self Assessment Reflection Paper961 Words   |  4 PagesPaper I have used the feedback to deepen my learning and improved the learning product I submitted by listing and understanding what my instructor have given me through our discussion about the homework assignments. I have taken that information constructively to make sure that the paper I will be submitting is concise and sound conveying the information properly in the APA format making the submitting assignment free from grammatical errors to best of my ability. For example; the instructor andRead MoreCommunication Reflection1068 Words   |  5 Pagessuccessful one. This course was to make us better writers, and I certainly have improved. In this progress report, I will be discussing my strength and weakness, summary and respond by both audience and professor, and ways I learn to properly and effectively write each major reports, and my writing has improved in many ways. Strength This semester I was able to learn how to critically think through process of writing in ways I did not before. I was able to look deeper into ideas and topic unlikeRead MoreSignificant Improvement : Things That I Have Learned From English 10101105 Words   |  5 Pages1010 Have I improved from when the class started to now? 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With every single writing assignment, I learned new inn ovative approaches and skills, which enhanced my abilities to improve my thoughts logically, enablingRead MoreHow I Became a Masterful Writer Essay815 Words   |  4 PagesMy progression as a writer has steadily improved over the past semester. Expanding sentence variety and experiencing in-class discussion has elevated my writing style to another level. I have learned how to successfully attack time management issues head on and how to research effectively. My ability to present information in a logical and organized fashion has reached new heights and my punctuation has become much better. I have improved upon areas that I was already competent in while addressing

Susan Cains Quiet Free Essays

In the introduction of Susan Cain’s Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can’t Stop Talking it told a story of Rosa Parks. She is the lady that would not change her seat on the public bus so a white passenger could take it. She simply said â€Å"No. We will write a custom essay sample on Susan Cains Quiet or any similar topic only for you Order Now † Many think Rosa Parks was an extrovert personality but in fact she was an introvert personality. Martin Luther King Jr. was a great orator and with an extrovert personality so he was able to help Rosa Parks since she was timid and shy. Rosa still had â€Å"courage of a lion. † Some ask how could she be quiet and courageous. Or how can quiet be strong? Today, we here, in the United States think we are a bunch of extroverts but in fact a study showed that one third to one half of Americans are introverts. We are told that to be a great person we have to be bold, or to be happy, we surly must be social. Americans pretend to be extroverts until their true colors come out when some life altering event changes them and makes them step back and look at their true natures. Truly we really like people who can put them self out there, someone who is comfortable in the spot light of life. But this is not the case with many successful people. Many wealthy, smart, and gifted people are not extroverts. Extroverts tend to tackle assignments quickly, make rash decisions, do multitasking, are risk takers, like money and status. They are the people who are the life of the party and love to laugh and talk. Introverts work more slowly and deliberately, focus on one task at a time, can concentrate well, they don’t really care to much for wealth or fame. They have social skills but after a while would just prefer to be at home with family or close friends. They are good listeners, they think before speaking and they express better in writing it than saying it. The introduction left us with a question if we can shape ourselves and make what we will of our lives. Can We? Chapter 5 Summary Susan Cain opened chapter 5 about her experience going to visit Dr. Carl Schwartz and seeing a multimillion-dollar fMRI (functional resonance magnetic imaging) machine. The fMRI can measure which parts of the brain are active when you’re thinking a particular thought or performing a specific task. They are really interested in activity in the amygdale the powerful organ inside the brain that Kagan found played such an important role is shaping some introverts and extroverts personalities. They test infants through their late teens. They have a theory that people are of high or low reactive temperaments and that our inborn temperaments influence us regardless of the lives we lead. Who we are is ordained by our genes, our brains and our nervous systems. We can stretch ourselves-within limits. We can even reach for the outer limits of our temperaments. We can get out of our comfort zones. We can even project artificial enthusiasm but there is no one more courageous than the person who speaks with the courage of his convictions. I do not think that our inborn temperaments do remain the same throughout our entire life. The events we face in life change us, such as marriage and parenting can make us more patient or less patient. Birth and death can change our temperaments as well as so could sickness and health. I believe that each thing we face in life teaches us lessons and with lessons we change our very being. I think that we stretch our personalities with each different circumstance in life because we just have to, we have to be able to live in harmony with ourselves as well as others at home, work, with our friends and extended family. And to that we must adapt and stretch ourselves. I had to stretch my introvert personality when I started playing the piano. I wanted to learn to play for myself but soon realized I had to play in front of my teacher, my parents (whom was paying the teacher). Then came the recitals. Then came the church music solos of playing the piano and singing at the same time! It was difficult for me to let people just sit and watch me perform. But you know what, I adapted my personality to do this talent. I recently played and sang at my high school graduation and was chosen to make a speech of what I was thankful for in life and about my future plans for my career. So I did overcome my quiet, shy temperament. I smiled, spoke loud, fast and clear and tired to act as if I was an extrovert. How to cite Susan Cains Quiet, Papers

Thursday, April 23, 2020

The View From The Bottom Rail Essays - Abuse,

The View From The Bottom Rail The View from the Bottom Rail After the Fact, Volume II James West Davidson and Mark Hamilton Lytle Copyright 1986 by Alfred A. Knopf Inc. Pages 177-210 Grant Hopkins AP U.S. History II September 11, 2000 The Lewinsky Scandal A perfect example as to why we cannot accept everything at face value before carefully examining it first. Everyone thought President Clinton was behaving himself in the White House, but, as it turns out, he was most definitely not. This can be the same for history. We must carefully consider different aspects of articles so that we do no make the mistake of believing everything we read. In order to fully understand an article, we must understand the author that wrote it. It is necessary to examine prejudices, sources, information left out, and missing background information before accepting an article. This method of critical analysis allows us to better understand the article and therefore history because we are more aware of the authors and their possible mishaps. The View from the Bottom Rail, an article in After the Fact, provides an opportunity to examine different aspects of analysis. If we look at it carefully, then we will be able to determine if the the sis was proven effectively. In The View from the Bottom Rail, the authors, James Davidson and Mark Lytle, proposed, For several reasons, that debased position has made it unusually difficult for historians to recover the freedmans point of view. Within the article, Davidson and Lytle cycled through different aspects as to why it is hard for historians to determine the view from the bottom rail. They questioned the validity of many sources that, if accurate, would have contained the perspective of an ex-slave. These sources included both white and black testimony. In order to examine these sources, the authors traced the topics using microcosm. Because they were covering a topic and not an event, microcosm was the most appropriate method of examining the subject. Davidson and Lytle first introduced a source. Then, they pondered over the different ways that the source could be biased. They took small segments from the source and used those to demonstrate why the source could not be taken at face value. For example, when examining the proposed source of a slave masters account, Davidson and Lytle examined one aspect of this to make a conclusion. They determined that, With slaves so dependent on the masters authority, they were hardly likely to reveal their true feelings; the dangerous consequences of such indiscretion was too great. Therefore, they were able to conclude that, for the most part, a master would never truly know what his slaves point of view was. The authors proceeded to attack the other sources in this method. The other sources that Davidson and Lytle examined were not only diverse but also effective. Many of the sources were direct quotations from the words of freedmen, including two in-depth interviews of the same ex-slave by different reporters. Other sources included stories and writings of both southern and northern whites. While almost all of the sources were primary, many were taken from secondary source books that included the words of primary sources. Taking primary sources from secondary source books can be a dangerous habit because it is not known what the author of the secondary source chose to leave out. The primary sources may have already been biased even before Davidson and Lytle were able to make their own focuses. However, some of the sources were direct primary sources such as letters and diaries. In addition, all sources used were done so effectively. The diversity of the sources made the authors argument more convincing since their views were not limited to one kind of source. By not depending heavily on any one type of source, Davidson and Lytle were able to cover multiple opinions. This effective use of research leaves very few questions unanswered. However, it would be helpful to know how location affected the freedmans point of view. Blacks were treated differently depending on location, workplace, and status. The authors failed to examine different locations as changing point of views. Since the authors establish that it is difficult to determine the point of view at all, it was